Note: RA = right atrium; LA = left atrium; RV= right ventricle; LV = left ventricle

There are generally three main types of atrial septal defect

1. Secundum atrial septal defect (ostium secundum atrial septal defect), this is the most common type of atrial septal defect. The hole is near the center of your atrial septum, related to the foramen ovale. It results from the inadequate closure of the central hole in the septum primum by the septum secundum – this also produces the fossa ovalis defect.
2. Primum atrial septal defect (ostium primum atrial septal defect) occurs when there is interference with the development of the septum primum at its lower margin, associated with abnormal development of the endocardial cushions – there is no inferior rim of atrial septal tissue. This defect is often associated with abnormalities of the mitral and tricuspid valves as well as abnormalities of the upper portion of the interventricular septum.
3. Sinus venosus atrial septal defect is a hole that extends into the superior vena cava where the main vein carrying oxygen – poor blood back to the body enters the heart.
4. Coronary sinus atrial septal defect. In this rare defect, part of the wall between the coronary sinus — which is part of the vein system of the heart — and the left atrium is missing.

Usually, the only test that is needed to make the diagnosis is an echocardiogram. This is an ultrasound scan of the heart. It won’t hurt your baby at all. Because babies and young children often show no symptoms, atrial septal defect may not be found until they are older, sometimes even in teenage and adult years.

Atrial septal defects may occur in isolation or may be associated with other malformations:

• Spontaneous closure of atrial septal defects is rare after the first 2 years of life;
• Atrial septal defects allow shunting of blood from one side of the circulation to the other. There are no great pressure differentials across the two atria and shunting is usually from left to right due to the greater compliance of the right heart chambers. Flow rates across the defect are usually not high;
• Increased flow to the pulmonary circulation eventually leads to pulmonary hypertension, usually by the 4th decade. Atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation (AF) are common due to the physical distention of the atria;
• In severe cases the shunt can eventually reverse so that blood bypasses the lungs – this is termed Eisenmenger’s syndrome and is a poor prognostic factor.

You may have your atrial septal defect closed by open heart surgery. Small holes can be closed by suturing, which means sewing the edges of the hole together. Bigger holes are covered with patches, either made of pieces of the pericardium, which is the membrane that covers the heart, or instead the patches can be made of a synthetic material. The scar on your chest will heal and fade to a paler color over time. Your child’s cardiologist will talk to you about which type of surgery is best for your child.

Atrial septal defect causes

The cause of congenital heart defects is not understood but several factors are known to be associated:

• Maternal drug abuse, alcohol abuse and radiation exposure;
• Maternal infection, particularly rubella;
• Genetic abnormalities;
• Chromosomal abnormalities (septal defects are associated with Trisomy 21- Down’s syndrome).

Risk factors for atrial septal defect

It’s not known why atrial septal defects occur, but congenital heart defects appear to run in families and sometimes occur with other genetic problems, such as Down syndrome. If you have a heart defect, or you have a child with a heart defect, a genetic counselor can estimate the odds that any future children will have one.

Some conditions that you have or that occur during pregnancy may increase your risk of having a baby with a heart defect, including:

• Rubella (German measles) infection. Becoming infected with rubella (German measles) during the first few months of your pregnancy can increase the risk of fetal heart defects.
• Drug, tobacco or alcohol use, or exposure to certain substances. Use of certain medications, tobacco, alcohol or drugs, such as cocaine, during pregnancy can harm the developing fetus.
• Diabetes or lupus. If you have diabetes or lupus, you may be more likely to have a baby with a heart defect.
• Obesity. Being extremely overweight (obese) may play a role in increasing the risk of having a baby with a birth defect.
• Phenylketonuria (PKU). If you have PKU and aren’t following your PKU meal plan, you may be more likely to have a baby with a heart defect.

What is the risk of having another child with a congenital heart condition?

If you have one child with a congenital heart condition, there is around a 1 in 40 chance that if you have another child, they will have a heart condition too ². However, this risk may be higher (or lower) depending on the type of congenital heart condition your child has. Because your risk of having another child with congenital heart condition is higher than it is for other people, your doctor may offer you a special scan at an early stage in future pregnancies, to look at the baby’s heart.

Do ask your obstetrician or doctor for more information on having a scan earlier than usual. Do be aware that if you have more than one child with congenital heart condition, the specific condition may not always be the same.

Atrial septal defect prevention

In most cases, atrial septal defects can’t be prevented. If you’re planning to become pregnant, schedule a preconception visit with your health care provider. This visit should include:

• Getting tested for immunity to rubella. If you’re not immune, ask your doctor about getting vaccinated.
• Going over your current health conditions and medications. You’ll need to carefully monitor certain health problems during pregnancy. Your doctor may also recommend adjusting or stopping certain medications before you become pregnant.
• Reviewing your family medical history. If you have a family history of heart defects or other genetic disorders, consider talking with a genetic counselor to determine what the risk might be before getting pregnant.

Atrial septal defect symptoms

Many babies born with atrial septal defects don’t have associated signs or symptoms. Most commonly symptoms don’t develop until the twenties when evidence of pulmonary vascular disease becomes apparent. With increasing age, risk of developing cardiac rhythm disturbances increases. In adults, signs or symptoms may begin around age 30, but in some cases signs and symptoms may not occur until decades later. By the age of 40 most patients are severely symptomatic. Cardiac failure is the most common cause of death. Others include emboli and infections.

Atrial septal defect signs and symptoms may include:

• Heart murmur, a whooshing sound that can be heard through a stethoscope;
• Susceptibility to chest infections is common;
• Subtle failure to thrive may occur in some children;
• Tiring when feeding (infants);
• Shortness of breath when being active or exercising and weakness are sometimes reported;
• Difficulty breathing;
• Fatigue;
• Swelling of legs, feet or abdomen;
• Heart palpitations or skipped beats;
• Swelling of legs, feet, or stomach area
• Stroke;
• Later in life, palpitations associated with atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure are common with exertional dyspnea and orthopnea.

Atrial septal defect diagnosis

An atrial septal defect may be diagnosed during pregnancy or after the baby is born. In many cases, it may not be diagnosed until adulthood.

Your or your child’s doctor may first suspect an atrial septal defect or other heart defect during a regular checkup if he or she hears a heart murmur while listening to the heart using a stethoscope.

During Pregnancy

During pregnancy, there are screening tests (prenatal tests) to check for birth defects and other conditions. An atrial septal defect might be seen during an ultrasound (which creates pictures of the body), but it depends on the size of the hole and its location. If an atrial septal defect is suspected, a specialist will need to confirm the diagnosis.

If your doctor suspects you or your child has a heart defect, the doctor may request one or more of the following tests:

• Echocardiogram. This is the most commonly used test to diagnose an atrial septal defect. Some atrial septal defects can be found during an echocardiogram done for another reason. During an echocardiogram, sound waves are used to produce a video image of the heart. It allows your doctor to see your heart’s chambers and measure their pumping strength. This test also checks heart valves and looks for any signs of heart defects. Doctors may use this test to evaluate your condition and determine your treatment plan.
• Chest X-ray. An X-ray image helps your doctor to see the condition of your heart and lungs. An X-ray may identify conditions other than a heart defect that may explain your signs or symptoms.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG). This test records the electrical activity of your heart and helps identify heart rhythm problems.
• Cardiac catheterization. In this test, a thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel at your groin or arm and guided to your heart. Through catheterization, doctors can diagnose congenital heart defects, test how well your heart is pumping and check the function of your heart valves. Using catheterization, the blood pressure in your lungs also can be measured. However, this test usually isn’t needed to diagnose an atrial septal defect. Doctors may also use catheterization techniques to repair heart defects.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An MRI is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create 3-D images of your heart and other organs and tissues within your body. Your doctor may request an MRI if echocardiography can’t definitively diagnose an atrial septal defect.
• Computerized tomography (CT) scan. A CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create detailed images of your heart. A CT scan may be used to diagnose an atrial septal defect if echocardiography hasn’t definitely diagnosed an atrial septal defect.

Atrial septal defect treatment

Many atrial septal defects close on their own during childhood. For those that don’t close, some small atrial septal defects don’t cause any problems and may not require any treatment. But mny persistent atrial septal defects eventually require surgery to be corrected.

Large atrial septal defects (where pulmonary blood flow is greater than 150% normal) should be repaired surgically as early as possible, preferably before 10 years. The outlook is good if pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs) has not developed. Otherwise, medical management of heart failure and other complications such as arrhythmias should be instigated.

Medical monitoring

If your child has an atrial septal defect, your child’s cardiologist may recommend monitoring it for a period of time to see if it closes on its own. Your child’s doctor will decide when your child needs treatment, depending on your child’s condition and whether your child has any other congenital heart defects.

Medications

Medications won’t repair the hole, but they may be used to reduce some of the signs and symptoms that can accompany an atrial septal defect. Drugs may also be used to reduce the risk of complications after surgery. Medications may include those to keep the heartbeat regular (beta blockers) or to reduce the risk of blood clots (anticoagulants).

Atrial septal defect surgery

Many doctors recommend repairing an atrial septal defect diagnosed during childhood to prevent complications as an adult. Doctors may recommend surgery to repair medium- to large-sized atrial septal defects. However, surgery isn’t recommended if you have severe pulmonary hypertension because it might make the condition worse.

For adults and children, surgery involves sewing closed or patching the abnormal opening between the atria. Doctors will evaluate your condition and determine which procedure is most appropriate. Atrial septal defects can be repaired using two methods:

Atrial septal defect is treated with:

1. Keyhole surgery, or
2. Open-heart surgery.

The aim of both these surgeries is to close the atrial septal defect and stop blood from the left atrium of the heart passing to the right atrium. The type of treatment will depend on the size of the atrial septal defect and its exact position.

Keyhole surgery for atrial septal defect

Your child will be given a general anesthetic. A small tube will be inserted into your child’s food pipe (esophagus) through their mouth. The doctors will use this tube to do a scan called a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) to see the heart, and in particular the atrial septal defect, clearly. Then, a long thin tube called a catheter will be inserted into a vein at the top of their leg and guided to their heart. The atrial septal defect is closed using a special device, which is folded up and pushed through the catheter to the heart. Once it is in the correct position, the device is unfolded so that the atrial septal defect hole is closed. The catheter will then be removed. The device will stay inside your child’s heart and become covered over by their own tissue during the healing process.

After the operation, you will need to take your child to the outpatient department to see the cardiologist for a check-up about a month later.

Your child will need to take aspirin for a few months after the treatment. This reduces the risk of a blood clot forming on the device while it is healing over.

What are the risks of keyhole surgery?

Keyhole treatment to repair an atrial septal defect is usually very successful and carries a very low risk of fatality. Most children will not experience any major complications. There is a small risk of bleeding around the heart and a small risk that the device could move out of place after the surgery. If this happens your child may need an operation to remove the device and to close the hole at the same time.

Sometimes the device might not completely close the hole. If this happens your child may need another operation to close the hole around the device. There is a very small risk that the device could become infected and an operation would be needed to remove it.

It’s very rare, but there is also a very small risk of blood clots forming inside the heart during the surgery which could cause a stroke. The risk of dying as a result of this treatment is very small. Your doctor will talk you through all these risks before your child’s treatment.

Some children who suffered from migraines in the past may find that their migraine is worse for a few months after keyhole closure of their atrial septal defect. However, some find that their migraine disappears after keyhole surgery. The reasons for this are not fully understood at the moment.

Open-heart surgery for atrial septal defect

Sometimes open-heart surgery is required to close the atrial septal defect. This procedure is the preferred treatment for certain types of atrial septal defects (primum, sinus venosus and coronary sinus), and these types of atrial defects can only be repaired through open-heart surgery. If your child has surgery, they will be given a general anesthetic. The surgeon will make a cut in their breastbone to get access to their heart. Their heart will be stopped and a ‘heart-lung machine’ will be used to take over the function of the heart and lungs. The surgeon will sew the atrial septal defect closed. They will start the heart beating again and the heart-lung machine will be turned off. Your child’s chest will be sewn closed.

After the operation your child will have a scar, usually in the center of the chest along their breastbone. They will need to stay in hospital for a few days and return to the out-patient department a few weeks later for a check-up.

What are the risks of open-heart surgery?

Open-heart surgery to repair atrial septal defect is usually very successful and the fatality risks are very low. There are small risks of complications such as brain damage, kidney damage, or serious lung diseases such as pneumonia. Your child’s doctor will talk you through all these risks before the operation.

Follow-up care

Follow-up care depends on the type of defect and whether other defects are present. Repeated echocardiograms are done after hospital discharge, one year later and then as requested by your or your child’s doctor. For simple atrial septal defects closed during childhood, only occasional follow-up care is generally needed.

Adults who’ve had atrial septal defect repair need to be monitored throughout life to check for complications, such as pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmias, heart failure or valve problems. Follow-up exams are typically done on a yearly basis.

Home remedies

If you find out you have a congenital heart defect, or you’ve had surgery to correct one, you may wonder about limitations on activities and other issues.

• Exercise. Having an atrial septal defect usually doesn’t restrict you from activities or exercise. If you have complications, such as arrhythmias, heart failure or pulmonary hypertension, you may not be able to do some activities or exercises. Your cardiologist can help you learn what is safe.

If you have an unrepaired defect, your doctor will likely advise you to avoid scuba diving and high altitude climbing.

• Preventing infection. Some heart defects and the repair of defects create changes to the surface of the heart in which bacteria can become stuck and grow into an infection (infective endocarditis). Atrial septal defects generally aren’t associated with infective endocarditis, though your doctor will likely recommend preventive antibiotics for about six months after closure whenever you have dental work done.

But if you have other heart defects in addition to an atrial septal defect, or if you’ve had atrial septal defect repair within the last six months, you may need to take antibiotics before certain dental or surgical procedures.

Ventricular septal defect

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a common congenital heart defect. Ventricular septal defect occurs when there’s a hole between the 2 pumping chambers of the heart (the left and right ventricles). Blood may flow from the left ventricle and mix with blood in the right ventricle, instead of going to the rest of the body. If the hole is large, this may make the heart and lungs work harder and may cause fluid to build up in the lungs.

Before a baby is born, the right and left ventricles of the heart are not separate. As the fetus grows, a septal wall forms to separate these 2 ventricles. If the wall does not completely form, a hole remains. This hole is known as a ventricular septal defect, or a ventricular septal defect. The hole can occur in different locations along the septal wall. There can be a single hole or multiple holes.

The baby may have no symptoms and the hole can close over time as the wall continues to grow after birth. If the hole is large, too much blood will be pumped to the lungs. This can lead to heart failure.

The cause of ventricular septal defect is not yet known. This defect often occurs along with other congenital heart defects.

In adults, ventricular septal defects are a rare, but serious complication of heart attacks. These holes do not result from a birth defect.

A small ventricular septal defect (VSD) may cause no problems, and many small small ventricular septal defects close on their own. By age 1, most small ventricular septal defects close on their own. However, those ventricular septal defects that do stay open after this age may need to be closed.

Medium or larger ventricular septal defects may need surgical repair early in life to prevent complications, such as ventricular septal defects in certain parts of the ventricular septum, or ventricular septal defects that cause heart failure or endocarditis, (inflammation) need open-heart surgery. The hole in the septum is most often closed with a patch.

Some ventricular septal defects can be closed without surgery. The procedure involves passing a small wire into the heart and placing a small device to close the defect.

Figure 4. Ventricular septal defect