Splinter hemorrhages

Splinter hemorrhages are small areas of longitudinal bleeding (hemorrhage) under the fingernails or toenails and look like a wood splinter. Seen end-on, splinter hemorrhage is in the lower part of the nail plate or underneath it. Splinter hemorrhages in nails are formed by the hemorrhage of blood from the longitudinally oriented blood vessels of the nail bed. Splinter hemorrhages look like thin, red to reddish-brown lines of blood under the nails. Splinter hemorrhages run in the direction of nail growth.

They are named splinter hemorrhages because they look like a wood splinter under the fingernail. The hemorrhages may be caused by tiny clots that damage the small capillaries under the nails.

Splinter hemorrhages occur commonly in psoriasis but may be seen with infection of the heart valves (infective endocarditis), rheumatic heart disease, valvular replacement, SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), antiphospholipid syndrome, IV drug abusers, and congenital heart diseases ¹⁾. Splinter hemorrhages may be caused by vessel damage from swelling of the blood vessels (vasculitis) or tiny clots that damage the small capillaries (microemboli). A simultaneous occurrence in multiple nails is indicative of a systemic cause ²⁾.

Other common systemic causes of splinter hemorrhages include dermatoses (e.g., psoriasis and lichen planus), connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, drugs, particularly kinase inhibitors, infectious diseases, such as acute endocarditis and meningococcemia and renal failure ³⁾ and congenital heart diseases ⁴⁾. In addition, splinter hemorrhages may be idiopathic, as seen in elderly, or they can be caused by various types of trauma, such as playing percussion instruments, housework, sports, and habits/tics.

Figure 1. Splinter hemorrhages

Figure 2. Splinter hemorrhage with bacterial endocarditis

Figure 3. Splinter hemorrhage dermoscopy

Who gets splinter hemorrhages?

Splinter hemorrhages can occur at any age; however, they are more common in older people ⁵⁾, ⁶⁾.

• In healthy individuals, splinter hemorrhages occur more frequently in men than women.
• Splinter hemorrhages are more frequent in dark-skinned people than in light-skinned people.
• The characteristics of patients who develop splinter hemorrhages relate to their underlying cause.

Splinter hemorrhages causes

Splinter hemorrhages occur when blood leaks or swells from small blood vessels that run up and down the nail bed. Tiny blood clots known as microemboli in the capillaries can also cause splinter hemorrhages. Splinter hemorrhages can be caused by trauma, application of an acrylic nail, environmental factors, skin disorders, systemic diseases, and medication use ⁷⁾. However, nail trauma (e.g., from sports, housework, personal habits) is the most common cause, accounting for 20 percent of cases ⁸⁾.

Splinter hemorrhages are more commonly associated with nail psoriasis, but can also occur with eczema, vasculitis, or onychomycosis ⁹⁾. Dermal vascular dilatation and tortuosity from psoriasis can lead to splinter hemorrhages. Splinter hemorrhages of the psoriatic nail are thought to be similar to the cutaneous Auspitz sign ¹⁰⁾.

Systemic disease may be the cause if the splinter hemorrhages appear in several nails, are located in the proximal portion of the nail plate, or are painful ¹¹⁾. Petechiae and splinter hemorrhages are classic lesions of subacute endocarditis, especially when accompanied by fever, Roth spots, Osler nodes, Janeway lesions, or a murmur. Splinter hemorrhages can occur with systemic lupus erythematosus, along with other nail changes such as periungual telangiectasias, hyperkeratotic ragged cuticles, onycholysis, and red lunula ¹²⁾.

Splinter hemorrhages can be an adverse effect of medications that impair blood vessels in the nail bed, although this is uncommon ¹³⁾. These reactions are usually dose-related, involve several or all nails, and resolve after the medication is discontinued ¹⁴⁾. Medications that may lead to this reaction include antithrombotics and anticoagulants, such as aspirin and warfarin (Coumadin) ¹⁵⁾; cancer chemotherapeutic agents, such as taxanes ¹⁶⁾; tetracycline; and ganciclovir (Cytovene) ¹⁷⁾.

Infection

Splinter hemorrhages are present in 15–33% of patients with infective endocarditis in association with Osler nodes and Janeway lesions ¹⁸⁾. They may be due to septic emboli in the small vessels of the nail bed and the increased fragility of the vessel walls in sepsis ¹⁹⁾.

Other infective causes include:

• Meningococcal disease
• Psittacosis
• Disseminated histoplasmosis.

Skin disease

Splinter hemorrhages are common signs of psoriatic nail disease and nail disease due to lichen planus ²⁰⁾. They can also be associated with a tumor.

Systemic diseases

Splinter hemorrhages may be due to microemboli or injury to vessel walls associated with vasculitis, including systemic diseases such as ²¹⁾:

• Primary antiphospholipid syndrome
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Raynaud disease
• Behcet disease
• Cutaneous vasculitis
• Scurvy.

Splinter hemorrhages are observed in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis or post-renal transplant, and may be explained by abnormal coagulation ²²⁾.

Medications

Medications associated with splinter hemorrhages include ²³⁾:

• Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (seen in 60–70% of patients taking sunitinib and sorafenib)
• Nitrofurantoin
• Ganciclovir
• Terbinafine
• Tetracyclines.

Splinter hemorrhages symptoms

Splinter hemorrhages cause small blood vessels to rupture along the natural lines that run up and down the nails. The underlying blood will attach to the nail plate and seems to move up as the nail grows. Splinter hemorrhages can be single or multiple.

However, in people with systemic diseases, splinter hemorrhages will often reappear, sometimes in different locations. The hemorrhages are usually 1 to 3 millimeters in length, and the streaks are typically red or reddish-brown.

Splinter hemorrhages may be asymptomatic or tender. In most instances, a splinter hemorrhage is not painful. However, if splinter hemorrhages are painful, they are more likely to be the result of a systemic disease.

Also, splinter hemorrhages close to the nail plate (proximal splinter hemorrhages) and on several fingers are more likely due to a systemic disease, especially in women.

Splinter hemorrhages under the distal third of the nail plate are frequent and are usually a result of trauma such as a sports injury. They may be associated with subungual hematoma and nail splitting.

Men experience splinter hemorrhages more often than women. People with a darker complexion may also have a greater risk of splinter hemorrhages.

Splinter hemorrhages complications

There are no complications of splinter hemorrhages themselves; complications arise as a consequence of the underlying disease process.

Splinter hemorrhages diagnosis

The diagnosis of splinter hemorrhages is made clinically or with the aid of dermatoscopy ²⁴⁾. Your doctor will examine you to look for the cause of splinter hemorrhages. You may be asked questions such as:

• When did you first notice this?
• Have you had an injury to the nails recently?
• Do you have endocarditis, or has your provider suspected that you have endocarditis?
• What other symptoms do you have, such as shortness of breath, fever, general ill feeling, or muscle aches?

The physical exam may include special attention to the heart and blood circulation systems.

Laboratory studies may include:

• Blood cultures
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

In addition, your doctor may order:

• Chest x-ray
• ECG
• Echocardiogram

After seeing your doctor, you may want to add a diagnosis of splinter hemorrhages to your personal medical record.

Splinter hemorrhages treatment

There is no specific care for splinter hemorrhages. Any treatment is targeted at an treating the underlying systemic condition or at discontinuing a causative medication. Follow your health care provider’s instructions for treating endocarditis.

When splinter hemorrhages result from trauma, they do not usually need treatment. As your nails continue to grow, the splinter hemorrhages should disappear over time. This process usually takes 3 to 4 months.

A person can take steps to make their nails stronger, which may help prevent splinter hemorrhages, resulting from trauma or injury. Drinking plenty of water and eating a diet that is high in vitamin B and zinc can support the growth of stronger fingernails.

However, splinter hemorrhages that are a symptom of an underlying condition could indicate the need for treatment. If a person’s splinter hemorrhages are related to taking certain medications, they should consult their doctor about whether or not to stop taking the medication.

Splinter hemorrhages prognosis

If a splinter hemorrhage is caused by trauma, the splinter hemorrhage will grow out and disappear. However, splinter hemorrhages may continue to recur if the underlying cause remains.