What is motrin

Motrin is a medicine that contains a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) – Ibuprofen and is available over-the-counter to relieve pain and reduce fever. Motrin (ibuprofen) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat mild to moderate pain, fever and pain caused by inflammation. Motrin helps to relieve symptoms of arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or juvenile arthritis), such as inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain. Motrin does not cure arthritis and will help you only as long as you continue to take it. In addition, ibuprofen can be used to treat fever, menstrual cramps, and other conditions as determined by your doctor.

Motrin works on one of the chemical pathways for pain. It reduces the ability of your body to make prostaglandins – chemicals that promote pain, inflammation and fever. With fewer prostaglandins in your body, fever eases off, and pain and inflammation is reduced.

Motrin PM combines both ibuprofen (NSAID) with an antihistamine – Diphenhydramine – that reduces the effects of natural chemical histamine in your body. Motrin PM is a combination medicine used to treat occasional insomnia associated with minor aches and pains. Motrin PM is not for use in treating sleeplessness without pain, or sleep problems that occur often.

What is Motrin used for?

Motrin can be used for the short-term relief of fever, mild to moderate pain and inflammation (redness, swelling and soreness).

Motrin might ease some of the symptoms of:

• headaches e.g. migraines or tension headache
• sinus pain
• toothache and pain after dental procedures
• backache, muscular aches and pains
• period pain/primary dysmenorrhea
• sore throat
• joint or tendon sprains and strains such as tennis elbow
• arthritis
• fever (pyrexia) or high temperature.
• Motrin is also indicated for the relief of acute and/or chronic pain states in which there is an inflammatory component. For example, Rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis

Please note that Motrin provides only temporary relief – it won’t cure your condition.

Motrin PM combines both ibuprofen (NSAID) with an antihistamine – Diphenhydramine – that reduces the effects of natural chemical histamine in your body.

Motrin PM is a combination medicine used to treat occasional insomnia associated with minor aches and pains.

Motrin PM is not for use in treating sleeplessness without pain, or sleep problems that occur often.

• Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine that reduces the effects of natural chemical histamine in the body. Histamine can produce symptoms of sneezing, itching, watery eyes, and runny nose.
• Diphenhydramine is used to treat sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, hives, skin rash, itching, and other cold or allergy symptoms.
• Diphenhydramine is also used to treat motion sickness, to induce sleep, and to treat certain symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

Important information on Diphenhydramine (Motrin PM)

When taking diphenhydramine, use caution driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Diphenhydramine may cause dizziness or drowsiness. If you experience dizziness or drowsiness, avoid these activities.

Use alcohol cautiously. Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness while taking diphenhydramine.

Diphenhydramine side effects

Get emergency medical help if you have any signs of an allergic reaction to diphenhydramine: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Stop using diphenhydramine (Motrin PM) and call your doctor at once if you have:

• pounding heartbeats or fluttering in your chest;
• painful or difficult urination;
• little or no urinating;
• confusion, feeling like you might pass out; or
• tightness in your neck or jaw, uncontrollable movements of your tongue.

Common diphenhydramine side effects may include:

• dizziness, drowsiness, loss of coordination;
• dry mouth, nose, or throat;
• constipation, upset stomach;
• dry eyes, blurred vision; or
• day-time drowsiness or “hangover” feeling after night-time use.

Motrin vs Ibuprofen

Motrin IB contains ibuprofen – an ingredient that provides powerful pain relief.

Motrin PM combines both ibuprofen (NSAID) with an antihistamine – Diphenhydramine, which provides powerful pain relief and helps you fall asleep and stay asleep.

How long does it take for Motrin to work?

You should start to feel better 20 to 30 minutes after taking Motrin (ibuprofen) by mouth.

For some types of long-term pain, you’ll need to take Motrin (ibuprofen) regularly for up to 3 weeks for it to work properly.

If you’re applying ibuprofen to your skin, it should start to work within 1 to 2 days.

Taking Motrin with other painkillers

It’s safe to take Motrin (ibuprofen) with acetaminophen or codeine.

But don’t take Motrin (ibuprofen) with similar painkillers like aspirin or naproxen (Aleve) without talking to a doctor.

Motrin (ibuprofen), aspirin and naproxen belong to the same group of medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). If you take them together, Motrin (ibuprofen) plus aspirin or naproxen may increase the chance of you getting side effects like stomach ache.

Alternatives to Motrin

For treating fever, an alternative to Motrin (ibuprofen) is acetaminophen (Tylenol).

For pain or inflammation-related swelling, ask your doctor or pharmacist for an alternative if Motrin (ibuprofen) is not suitable for you. Your health professional may suggest you try:

• acetaminophen (paracetamol)
• another medicine from the NSAID family
• a medicine that combines codeine with acetaminophen or Motrin (ibuprofen) in the same tablet.

If your pain is severe, your doctor may prescribe you a stronger pain reliever.

Is Motrin better than acetaminophen or aspirin?

Motrin (ibuprofen), acetaminophen (paracetamol) and aspirin are all effective painkillers.

Motrin (ibuprofen) is good for period pain and migraines. It can also be used for back pain, strains and sprains, as well as pain from arthritis.

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is typically used for mild or moderate pain. It may be better than Motrin (ibuprofen) for headaches, toothache, sprains, stomach ache, and nerve pain like sciatica.

Aspirin works in a similar way to Motrin (ibuprofen). Like Motrin (ibuprofen), it’s good for period pain and migraines. (If you have heavy periods, it can make them heavier.)

How long will I take Motrin tablets for?

If you’re taking Motrin (ibuprofen) for a short-lived pain like toothache or period pain, you may only need to take it for a day or two.

You may need to take Motrin (ibuprofen) for longer if you have a long-term health problem, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

If you need to take Motrin (ibuprofen) for more than 6 months, your doctor may prescribe a medicine to protect your stomach from any side effects.

Can I take Motrin for a long time?

It’s safe to take Motrin (ibuprofen) regularly for many years if you need to as long as you don’t take more than the recommended dosage.

If you need to take Motrin (ibuprofen) by mouth for a long time and you’re at risk of getting a stomach ulcer, your doctor may prescribe a medicine to help protect your stomach.

Does Motrin cause stomach ulcers?

Motrin (ibuprofen) can cause ulcers in your stomach or gut, especially if you take it by mouth for a long time or in big doses.

If you need to take Motrin (ibuprofen) and you’re at risk of getting a stomach ulcer, your doctor may prescribe a medicine to help protect your stomach.

Can I drink alcohol with Motrin?

It’s usually safe to drink alcohol while taking Motrin (ibuprofen). But if you’re taking Motrin (ibuprofen) by mouth, drinking too much alcohol may irritate your stomach and increases your risk of getting stomach ulcers.

Is there any food or drink I need to avoid?

You can eat and drink normally while taking any type of Motrin (ibuprofen).

It’s best to take Motrin (ibuprofen) tablets, capsules or syrup with, or just after, a meal so it doesn’t upset your stomach. Don’t take it on an empty stomach.

What if Motrin doesn’t work?

If Motrin (ibuprofen) doesn’t work, there are other everyday painkillers you can try, such as:

• acetaminophen (paracetamol)
• aspirin
• co-codamol (acetaminophen combined with low-dose codeine)

If pharmacy painkillers don’t work, your doctor may be able to prescribe a stronger painkiller or recommend another treatment, such as exercise or physiotherapy.

Motrin (ibuprofen) doesn’t work for certain types of pain – for example, nerve pain like sciatica. Your doctor will have to prescribe a different medicine if your pain is related to your nerves.

Will Motrin affect my fertility?

Taking Motrin (ibuprofen) by mouth, in large doses, or for a long time can affect ovulation in women, possibly making it more difficult for you to get pregnant. This is usually reversible when you stop taking Motrin (ibuprofen).

Don’t take Motrin (ibuprofen) tablets, capsules or syrup if you’re trying for a baby. Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) is a better option.

Will Motrin affect my contraception?

Motrin (ibuprofen) – by mouth or on your skin – doesn’t affect any contraceptives, including the contraceptive pill and the morning after pill.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Motrin (ibuprofen) isn’t normally recommended in pregnancy.

It may cause birth defects affecting the baby’s heart or blood vessels. There may also be a link between taking Motrin (ibuprofen) in early pregnancy and miscarriage.

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is the best painkiller to take during pregnancy.

If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. It is especially important not to use ibuprofen during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless definitely directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in the unborn child or complications during delivery.

This medicine may be harmful to an unborn baby. Taking ibuprofen during the last 3 months of pregnancy may result in birth defects and prolonged labor and delivery. Do not use this medicine without a doctor’s advice if you are pregnant.

Use in late pregnancy should be avoided. May constrict ductus arteriosus in utero or inhibit or prolong labor as result of inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase ¹.

For safety, tell your pharmacist or doctor if you’re trying to get pregnant, are already pregnant or if you’re breastfeeding.

To assess the fetal effects of exposure to ibuprofen overdose in pregnancy ². Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is a frequently used analgesic that is readily available over the counter. Concerns have been raised that therapeutic use of NSAIDs is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and renal dysfunction. Although most acute overdoses are of low toxicity, few data exist on the potential fetotoxicity of ibuprofen overdose during pregnancy. Using standardized procedures, National Technical Information Service (NTIS) has provided fetal risk assessment and collected outcome data on a prospective case series of 100 women who took ibuprofen in overdose during pregnancy. Results are the majority of liveborn infants (66/73=90.4%) had no congenital anomalies. No pattern of anomalies was observed. Multidrug overdoses in which ibuprofen was the major constituent were taken by 68%, mainly compound analgesics and cold remedies with 28% taking paracetamol. The majority (86%) of overdoses occurred in the first trimester with only 9 (9%) reports of any significant maternal toxicity including 1 mother who was unconscious. Conclusion: The incidence of miscarriages (9% versus 10-20%) and terminations (18% versus 23%) is within the expected range ². However, the incidence of congenital anomalies is higher (7/73=9.6% versus 2-3% expected), but two exposures were second trimester, and the numbers are small. Although no pattern of malformations was seen, three were cardiac anomalies ². As congenital heart anomalies are common 0.5-1% it is not possible to establish a causal relationship with the drugs taken in overdose. No cases of renal dysfunction were seen. In the majority of women who receive appropriate treatment at the time of the overdose the outcome of pregnancy is a normal baby ².

Motrin (ibuprofen) and breastfeeding

Motrin (ibuprofen) is safe to take by mouth if you are breastfeeding.

Two early studies attempted measurement of ibuprofen in milk ³, ⁴. In one, the patient’s dose was 400 mg twice daily, while in the second study of 12 patients, the dose was 400 mg every 6 hours. Ibuprofen was undetectable in breastmilk in both studies (<0.5 and 1 mg/L, respectively) ³, ⁴.

A later study using a more sensitive assay found ibuprofen in the breastmilk of one woman who took 6 doses of 400 mg orally over a 42.5 hours. A milk ibuprofen level of 13 mcg/L was detected 30 minutes after the first dose. The highest level measured was 180 mcg/L about 4 hours after the third dose, 20.5 hours after the first dose. The authors estimated that the infant would receive about 17 mcg/kg daily (100 mcg daily) with the maternal dose of approximately 1.2 grams daily. This dose represents 0.0008% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage ⁵ and 0.06% of the commonly accepted infant dose of 30 mg/kg daily (10 mg/kg every 8 hours).

Single milk samples were taken from 13 women between 1.5 and 8 hours after the third dose of ibuprofen in a daily dosage regimen averaging 1012 mg daily (range 400 to 1200 mg daily). Of the 13 milk samples analyzed, the mean milk concentration was 361 mcg/L (range 164 to 590 mcg/L). The mean weight-adjusted percentage of the maternal dosage (relative infant dosage) was estimated to be <0.38%; however, the relative infant dosage varied with the time postpartum and the milk protein content. The relative infant dosage was highest in the colostral phase when the milk protein content was the highest (relative infant dosage 0.6%). The estimated mean dosage for a fully breastfed infants was 68 mcg/kg daily or 0.2% of a pediatric dosage ⁶.

How should Motrin be used?

Prescription Motrin (ibuprofen) comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken three or four times a day for arthritis or every 4 to 6 hours as needed for pain. Nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen) comes as a tablet, chewable tablet, suspension (liquid), and drops (concentrated liquid). Adults and children older than 12 years of age may usually take nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen) every 4 to 6 hours as needed for pain or fever. Children and infants may usually be given nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen) every 6 to 8 hours as needed for pain or fever, but should not be given more than 4 doses in 24 hours. Motrin (ibuprofen) may be taken with food or milk to prevent stomach upset. If you are taking Motrin (ibuprofen) on a regular basis, you should take it at the same time(s) every day. Follow the directions on the package or prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take Motrin (ibuprofen) exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than directed by the package label or prescribed by your doctor.

Motrin (ibuprofen) comes alone and in combination with other medications. Some of these combination products are available by prescription only, and some of these combination products are available without a prescription and are used to treat cough and cold symptoms and other conditions. If your doctor has prescribed a medication that contains Motrin (ibuprofen), you should be careful not to take any nonprescription medications that also contain Motrin (ibuprofen).

If you are selecting a product to treat cough or cold symptoms, ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice on which product is best for you. Check nonprescription product labels carefully before using two or more products at the same time. These products may contain the same active ingredient(s) and taking them together could cause you to receive an overdose. This is especially important if you will be giving cough and cold medications to a child.

Nonprescription cough and cold combination products, including products that contain Motrin (ibuprofen), can cause serious side effects or death in young children. Do not give these products to children younger than 4 years of age. If you give these products to children 4 to 11 years of age, use caution and follow the package directions carefully.

If you are giving Motrin (ibuprofen) or a combination product that contains Motrin (ibuprofen) to a child, read the package label carefully to be sure that it is the right product for a child of that age. Do not give Motrin (ibuprofen) products that are made for adults to children.

Before you give an Motrin (ibuprofen) product to a child, check the package label to find out how much medication the child should receive. Give the dose that matches the child’s age on the chart. Ask the child’s doctor if you don’t know how much medication to give the child.

Shake the suspension and drops well before each use to mix the medication evenly. Use the measuring cup provided to measure each dose of the suspension, and use the dosing device provided to measure each dose of the drops.

The chewable tablets may cause a burning feeling in the mouth or throat. Take the chewable tablets with food or water.

Stop taking nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen) and call your doctor if your symptoms get worse, you develop new or unexpected symptoms, the part of your body that was painful becomes red or swollen, your pain lasts for more than 10 days, or your fever lasts more than 3 days. Stop giving nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen) to your child and call your child’s doctor if your child does not start to feel better during the first 24 hours of treatment. Also stop giving nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen) to your child and call your child’s doctor if your child develops new symptoms, including redness or swelling on the painful part of his body, or if your child’s pain or fever get worse or lasts longer than 3 days.

Do not give nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen) to a child who has a sore throat that is severe or does not go away, or that comes along with fever, headache, nausea, or vomiting. Call the child’s doctor right away, because these symptoms may be signs of a more serious condition.

Other uses for Motrin

Motrin (ibuprofen) is also sometimes used to treat ankylosing spondylitis (arthritis that mainly affects the spine), gouty arthritis (joint pain caused by a build-up of certain substances in the joints), and psoriatic arthritis (arthritis that occurs with a long-lasting skin disease that causes scaling and swelling). Talk to your doctor about the risks of using this drug for your condition.

This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

Before taking Motrin

• tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to Motrin (ibuprofen), aspirin or other NSAIDs such as ketoprofen and naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), any other medications, or any of the inactive ingredients in the type of Motrin (ibuprofen) you plan to take. Ask your pharmacist or check the label on the package for a list of the inactive ingredients.
• tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take. Be sure to mention the medications listed in the IMPORTANT WARNING section and any of the following: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as benazepril (Lotensin, in Lotrel), captopril, enalapril (Vasotec, in Vaseretic), fosinopril, lisinopril (in Zestoretic), moexipril (Univasc), perindopril (Aceon, in Prestalia), quinapril (Accupril, in Quinaretic), ramipril (Altace), and trandolapril (Mavik, in Tarka); angiotensin receptor blockers such as candesartan (Atacand, in Atacand HCT), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro, in Avalide), losartan (Cozaar, in Hyzaar), olmesartan (Benicar, in Azor, in Benicar HCT, in Tribenzor), telmisartan (Micardis, in Micardis HCT, in Twynsta), and valsartan (in Exforge HCT); beta blockers such as atenolol (Tenormin, in Tenoretic), labetalol (Trandate), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL, in Dutoprol), nadolol (Corgard, in Corzide), and propranolol (Hemangeol, Inderal, Innopran); diuretics (‘water pills’); lithium (Lithobid); and methotrexate (Otrexup, Rasuvo, Trexall). Your doctor may need to change the doses of your medications or monitor you more carefully for side effects.
• do not take nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen) with any other medication for pain unless your doctor tells you that you should.
• tell your doctor if you have or have ever had any of the conditions mentioned in the IMPORTANT WARNING section or asthma, especially if you also have frequent stuffed or runny nose or nasal polyps (swelling of the inside of the nose); heart failure; swelling of the hands, arms, feet, ankles, or lower legs; lupus (a condition in which the body attacks many of its own tissues and organs, often including the skin, joints, blood, and kidneys); or liver or kidney disease. If you are giving Motrin (ibuprofen) to a child, tell the child’s doctor if the child has not been drinking fluids or has lost a large amount of fluid from repeated vomiting or diarrhea.
• tell your doctor if you are pregnant, especially if you are in the last few months of your pregnancy; you plan to become pregnant; or you are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking Motrin (ibuprofen), call your doctor.
• if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking Motrin (ibuprofen).
• if you have phenylketonuria (PKU, an inborn disease in which mental retardation develops if a specific diet is not followed), read the package label carefully before taking nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen). Some types of nonprescription Motrin (ibuprofen) may be sweetened with aspartame, a source of phenylalanine.

Motrin dosage chart

A few reminders:

• When taking any medicine, always read and follow the label carefully.
• Always keep the outer carton of Motrin products.
• These ibuprofen dosage directions are for adults and children 12 years and older.
• Do not take more than directed.

Motrin IB Caplets Directions of use

• do not take more than directed
• the smallest effective dose should be used

Uses:

• temporarily relieves minor aches and pains due to:
• headache
• muscular aches
• minor pain of arthritis
• toothache
• backache
• the common cold
• menstrual cramps
• temporarily reduces fever

Table 1. Motrin IB Caplets

Motrin IB Caplets Active ingredients (in each caplet):

1. Ibuprofen 200 mg (NSAID)/Purpose: Pain reliever and fever reducer

Inactive ingredients:

• carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide, FD&C yellow no.6, hypromellose, iron oxide, magnesium stearate, modified starch, polydextrose, polyethylene glycol, pregelatinized starch, propylene glycol, shellac, stearic acid, titanium dioxide

or

• colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, FD&C red no. 40 aluminum lake, FD&C yellow no. 6 aluminum lake, iron oxides, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, stearic acid, talc, titanium dioxide.

Other instructions:

• read all warnings and directions before use. Keep carton.
• store between 20-25°C (68-77°F)

Motrin IB Liquid Gels Directions of use

• do not take more than directed
• the smallest effective dose should be used

Uses:

• temporarily relieves minor aches and pains due to:
  • headache
  • muscular aches
  • minor pain of arthritis
  • toothache
  • backache
  • the common cold
  • menstrual cramps
• temporarily reduces fever

Table 2. Motrin IB Liquid Gels

Motrin IB Liquid Gels Active ingredients (in each caplet):

1. Active ingredient (in each capsule): Solubilized ibuprofen equal to 200 mg ibuprofen (NSAID) (present as the free acid and potassium salt)/Pain reliever and fever reducer

Inactive ingredients:

• gelatin, pharmaceutical ink, polyethylene glycol, potassium hydroxide, purified water, sorbitan and sorbitol

Other instructions:

• each capsule contains: potassium 20 mg
• store between 20-25ºC (68-77ºF)
• avoid excessive heat above 40ºC (104ºF). Protect from light.

Motrin PM Caplets Directions of use

• do not take more than directed
• adults and children 12 years and over: take 2 caplets at bedtime
• do not take more than 2 caplets in 24 hours

Uses:

• for relief of occasional sleeplessness when associated with minor aches and pains
• helps you fall asleep and stay asleep

Table 3. Motrin PM Caplets

MOTRIN® PM Caplets Active ingredients (in each caplet):

1. Diphenhydramine citrate 38 mg/Purpose: Nighttime sleep-aid
2. Ibuprofen 200 mg (NSAID)/Purpose: Pain reliever and fever reducer

Inactive ingredients:

• colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, glyceryl behenate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, pregelatinized starch, talc, titanium dioxide

Other instructions:

• read all warnings and directions before use. Keep carton.
• store at 20-25°C (68-77°F)
• avoid excessive heat above 40°C (104°F)

Children’s Motrin Directions of use

• this product does not contain directions or complete warnings for adult use
• do not give more than directed
• shake well before using
• mL=milliliter
• find right dose on chart below. If possible, use weight to dose; otherwise use age.
• use only enclosed dosing cup. Do not use any other dosing device.
• if needed, repeat dose every 6-8 hours
• do not use more than 4 times a day
• replace original bottle cap to maintain child resistance

Uses:

• Temporarily relieves minor aches and pains due to the common cold, flu, sore throat, headache and toothache
• Reduces fever

Table 4. Children’s Motrin

*or as directed by a doctor.

Children’s Motrin Active ingredients:

• Active ingredient (in each 5 mL): Ibuprofen 100 mg (NSAID)/ Purpose: Pain reliever/fever reducer

Inactive ingredients:

• Bubble Gum: acesulfame potassium, anhydrous citric acid, FD&C red no. 40, flavors, glycerin, polysorbate 80, pregelatinized starch, purified water, sodium benzoate, sucrose, xanthan gum
• Grape: acesulfame potassium, anhydrous citric acid, D&C red no. 33, FD&C blue no. 1, FD&C red no. 40, flavors, glycerin, polysorbate 80, pregelatinized starch, purified water, sodium benzoate, sucrose, xanthan gum
• Berry: acesulfame potassium, anhydrous citric acid, D&C yellow no. 10, FD&C red no. 40, flavors, glycerin, polysorbate 80, pregelatinized starch, purified water, sodium benzoate, sucrose, xanthan gum
• Dye-Free Berry: acesulfame potassium, anhydrous citric acid, flavors, glycerin, polysorbate 80, pregelatinized starch, purified water, sodium benzoate, sucrose, xanthan gum

Other instructions:

• each 5 mL contains: sodium 2 mg
• store between 20-25°C (68-77°F)

Infants’ Motrin Directions of use

• this product does not contain directions or complete warnings for adult use
• do not give more than directed
• shake well before using
• find right dose on chart below. If possible, use weight to dose; otherwise use age.
• mL=milliliter
• measure with the dosing device provided. Do not use with any other device.
• dispense liquid slowly into the child’s mouth, toward the inner cheek
• if needed, repeat dose every 6-8 hours
• do not use more than 4 times a day

Uses:

• Temporarily relieves minor aches and pains due to the common cold, flu, sore throat, headaches and toothaches
• Reduces fever

Table 5. Infants’ Motrin Dosage

Infants’ Motrin Active ingredients:

• Active ingredient (in each 1.25 mL): Ibuprofen 50mg (NSAID)/ Purpose: Pain reliever/fever reducer

Inactive ingredients:

• Berry: anhydrous citric acid, caramel, FD&C red no. 40, flavors, glycerin, polysorbate 80, pregelatinized starch, purified water, sodium benzoate, sorbitol solution, sucrose, xanthan gum
• Dye-Free Berry: anhydrous citric acid, caramel, flavors, glycerin, polysorbate 80, pregelatinized starch, purified water, sodium benzoate, sorbitol solution, sucrose, xanthan gum

Other instructions:

• store between 20-25°C (68-77°F)

Motrin side effects

Common side effects

The common side effects of Motrin (ibuprofen) taken by mouth happen in more than 1 in 100 people. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if these side effects bother you or don’t go away:

• headache
• feeling dizzy
• feeling sick or vomiting
• wind and indigestion
• upset stomach e.g. nausea, diarrhea and indigestion
• headache
• dizziness
• high blood pressure
• fluid retention.

There can be extra risks if you take Motrin (ibuprofen) when you are over 65, or have an ulcer, so discuss this with your doctor. Motrin (ibuprofen), like all NSAIDs, can also make heart disease worse – talk to your doctor before taking Motrin (ibuprofen) if you have any concerns.

Less common side effects include:

• feeling sleepy or anxious
• pins and needles
• problems with your eyesight
• hearing ringing in your ears
• difficulty falling asleep

Motrin (ibuprofen) tablets and capsules can cause inflammation of the stomach (gastritis) and ulcers in your stomach, gut or mouth. It can also make it difficult to breathe, or make asthma worse.

Serious side effects

Serious side effects of ibuprofen that need immediate medical attention include:

• black poo or blood in your vomit – these can be signs of bleeding in your stomach
• swollen ankles, blood in your pee or not peeing at all – these can be signs of a kidney problem
• severe chest or tummy pain – these can be signs of a hole in your stomach or gut
• difficulty breathing

This is not a full list of side effects. For more information, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. Or, if you’re experiencing a serious or life-threatening side effect, immediately call your local emergency number immediately.

Serious allergic reaction

In rare cases, it’s possible to have a serious allergic reaction to Motrin (ibuprofen).

A serious allergic reaction is an emergency. Call your local emergency number straight away if you think you or someone around you is having a serious allergic reaction.

The warning signs of a serious allergic reaction are:

• getting a skin rash that may include itchy, red, swollen, blistered or peeling skin
• wheezing
• tightness in the chest or throat
• having trouble breathing or talking
• swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat

These are not all the side effects of Motrin (ibuprofen) tablets, capsules and syrup. For a full list see the leaflet inside your medicines packet.

How to cope with side effects

What to do about:

• indigestion – stop taking Motrin (ibuprofen) and see your doctor as soon as possible. If you need something to ease the discomfort, try taking an antacid, but don’t put off going to the doctor.
• feeling sick – stick to simple meals. Don’t eat rich or spicy food
• vomiting – have small, frequent sips of water. It may also help to take oral rehydration solutions like Pedialyte you can buy from a pharmacy or supermarket to prevent dehydration. Don’t take any other medicines to treat vomiting without speaking to a pharmacist or doctor.
• wind – try not to eat foods that cause wind (like pulses, lentils, beans and onions). Eat smaller meals, eat and drink slowly, and exercise regularly. There are pharmacy medicines that can also help, such as charcoal tablets or simethicone.
• your skin being sensitive to sunlight – stay out of bright sun and use a high factor sun cream (SPF 30 or above) even on cloudy days. Don’t use a sun lamp or sun beds.

Motrin IB Side Effects

Allergy alert

Ibuprofen may cause a severe allergic reaction, especially in people allergic to aspirin. Symptoms may include:

• hives
• facial swelling
• asthma (wheezing)
• shock
• skin reddening
• rash
• blisters

If an allergic reaction occurs, stop use and seek medical help right away.

Stomach bleeding warning

Motrin IB contains an NSAID, which may cause severe stomach bleeding. The chance is higher if you:

• are age 60 or older
• have had stomach ulcers or bleeding problems
• take a blood thinning (anticoagulant) or steroid drug
• take other drugs containing prescription or nonprescription NSAIDs [aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or others]
• have 3 or more alcoholic drinks every day while using this product
• take more or for a longer time than directed

Heart attack and stroke warning

NSAIDs, except aspirin, increase the risk of heart attack, heart failure, and stroke. These can be fatal. The risk is higher if you use more than directed or for longer than directed.

Do NOT use

• if you have ever had an allergic reaction to ibuprofen or any other pain reliever/fever reducer
• right before or after heart surgery

Ask a doctor before use if:

• you have problems or serious side effects from taking pain relievers or fever reducers
• the stomach bleeding warning applies to you
• you have a history of stomach problems, such as heartburn
• you have high blood pressure, heart disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, asthma, or had a stroke
• you are taking a diuretic

Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if you are:

• taking aspirin for heart attack or stroke, because ibuprofen may decrease this benefit of aspirin
• under a doctor’s care for any serious condition
• taking any other drug

When using this product:

• take with food or milk if stomach upset occurs

Stop use and ask a doctor if:

• you experience any of the following signs of stomach bleeding:
  • feel faint
  • vomit blood
  • have bloody or black stools
  • have stomach pain that does not get better
• you have symptoms of heart problems or stroke:
  • chest pain
  • trouble breathing
  • weakness in one part or side of body
  • slurred speech
  • leg swelling
• pain gets worse or lasts more than 10 days
• fever gets worse or lasts more than 3 days
• redness or swelling is present in the painful area
• any new symptoms appear

If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. It is especially important not to use ibuprofen during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless definitely directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in the unborn child or complications during delivery.

Motrin IB Liquid Gels Side Effects

Allergy alert

Ibuprofen may cause a severe allergic reaction, especially in people allergic to aspirin. Symptoms may include:

• hives
• facial swelling
• asthma (wheezing)
• shock
• skin reddening
• rash
• blisters

If an allergic reaction occurs, stop use and seek medical help right away.

Stomach bleeding warning

This product contains an NSAID, which may cause severe stomach bleeding. The chance is higher if you:

• are age 60 or older
• have had stomach ulcers or bleeding problems
• take a blood thinning (anticoagulant) or steroid drug
• take other drugs containing prescription or nonprescription NSAIDs [aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or others]
• have 3 or more alcoholic drinks every day while using this product
• take more or for a longer time than directed

Heart attack and stroke warning

NSAIDs, except aspirin, increase the risk of heart attack, heart failure, and stroke. These can be fatal. The risk is higher if you use more than directed or for longer than directed.

Do NOT use

• if you have ever had an allergic reaction to any other pain reliever/fever reducer
• right before or after heart surgery

Ask a doctor before use if:

• you have problems or serious side effects from taking pain relievers or fever reducers
• the stomach bleeding warning applies to you
• you have a history of stomach problems, such as heartburn
• you have high blood pressure, heart disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, asthma, or had a stroke
• you are taking a diuretic

Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if you are:

• taking aspirin for heart attack or stroke, because ibuprofen may decrease this benefit of aspirin
• under a doctor’s care for any serious condition
• taking any other drug

When using this product

• take with food or milk if stomach upset occurs

Stop use and ask a doctor if:

• you experience any of the following signs of stomach bleeding:
  • feel faint
  • vomit blood
  • have bloody or black stools
  • have stomach pain that does not get better
• you have symptoms of heart problems or stroke:
  • chest pain
  • trouble breathing
  • weakness in one part or side of body
  • slurred speech
  • leg swelling
• pain gets worse or lasts more than 10 days
• fever gets worse or lasts more than 3 days
• redness or swelling is present in the painful area
• any new symptoms appear

If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. It is especially important not to use ibuprofen during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless definitely directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in the unborn child or complications during delivery.

Children’s Motrin Side Effects

Allergy alert

Ibuprofen may cause a severe allergic reaction, especially in people allergic to aspirin. Symptoms may include:

• hives
• facial swelling
• asthma (wheezing)
• shock
• skin reddening
• rash
• blisters

If an allergic reaction occurs, stop use and seek medical help right away.

Stomach bleeding warning

This product contains an NSAID, which may cause severe stomach bleeding. The chance is higher if your child:

• has had stomach ulcers or bleeding problems
• takes a blood thinning (anticoagulant) or steroid drug
• takes other drugs containing prescription or nonprescription NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or others)
• takes more or for a longer time than directed

Heart attack and stroke warning

NSAIDs, except aspirin, increase the risk of heart attack, heart failure, and stroke. These can be fatal. The risk is higher if you use more than directed or for longer than directed.

Sore throat warning

Severe or persistent sore throat or sore throat accompanied by high fever, headache, nausea and vomiting may be serious. Consult doctor promptly. Do not use more than 2 days or administer to children under 3 years of age unless directed by doctor.

Do NOT use

• if the child has ever had an allergic reaction to ibuprofen or any other pain reliever/fever reducer
• right before or after heart surgery

Ask a doctor before use if:

• stomach bleeding warning applies to your child
• child has a history of stomach problems, such as heartburn
• child has problems or serious side effects from taking pain relievers or fever reducers
• child has not been drinking fluids
• child has lost a lot of fluid due to vomiting or diarrhea
• child has high blood pressure, heart disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, or had a stroke
• child has asthma
• child is taking a diuretic

Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if the child is:

• under a doctor’s care for any serious condition
• taking any other drug

When using this product:

• take with food or milk if stomach upset occurs

Stop use and ask a doctor if:

• child experiences any of the following signs of stomach bleeding:
  • feels faint
  • vomits blood
  • has bloody or black stools
  • has stomach pain that does not get better
• child has symptoms of heart problems or stroke:
  • chest pain
  • trouble breathing
  • weakness in one part or side of body
  • slurred speech
  • leg swelling
• the child does not get any relief within the first day (24 hours) of treatment
• fever or pain gets worse or lasts more than 3 days
• redness or swelling is present in the painful area
• any new symptoms appear

Infants’s Motrin Side Effects

Allergy alert

Ibuprofen may cause a severe allergic reaction, especially in people allergic to aspirin. Symptoms may include:

• hives
• facial swelling
• asthma (wheezing)
• shock
• skin reddening
• rash
• blisters

If an allergic reaction occurs, stop use and seek medical help right away.

Stomach bleeding warning

This product contains an NSAID, which may cause severe stomach bleeding. The chance is higher if your child:

• has had stomach ulcers or bleeding problems
• takes a blood thinning (anticoagulant) or steroid drug
• takes other drugs containing prescription or nonprescription NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or others)
• takes more or for a longer time than directed

Heart attack and stroke warning

NSAIDs, except aspirin, increase the risk of heart attack, heart failure, and stroke. These can be fatal. The risk is higher if you use more than directed or for longer than directed.

Sore throat warning

Severe or persistent sore throat or sore throat accompanied by high fever, headache, nausea and vomiting may be serious. Consult doctor promptly. Do not use more than 2 days or administer to children under 3 years of age unless directed by doctor.

Do NOT use

• if the child has ever had an allergic reaction to ibuprofen or any other pain reliever/fever reducer
• right before or after heart surgery

Ask a doctor before use if:

• stomach bleeding warning applies to your child
• child has a history of stomach problems, such as heartburn
• child has problems or serious side effects from taking pain relievers or fever reducers
• child has not been drinking fluids
• child has lost a lot of fluid due to vomiting or diarrhea
• child has high blood pressure, heart disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, or had a stroke
• child has asthma
• child is taking a diuretic

Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if the child is:

• under a doctor’s care for any serious condition
• taking any other drug

When using this product:

• take with food or milk if stomach upset occurs

Stop use and ask a doctor if:

• child experiences any of the following signs of stomach bleeding:
  • feels faint
  • vomits blood
  • has bloody or black stools
  • has stomach pain that does not get better
• child has symptoms of heart problems or stroke:
  • chest pain
  • trouble breathing
  • weakness in one part or side of body
  • slurred speech
  • leg swelling
• the child does not get any relief within the first day (24 hours) of treatment
• fever or pain gets worse or lasts more than 3 days
• redness or swelling is present in the painful area
• any new symptoms appear

Motrin PM Side Effects

Allergy alert

Ibuprofen may cause a severe allergic reaction, especially in people allergic to aspirin. Symptoms may include:

• hives
• facial swelling
• asthma (wheezing)
• shock
• skin reddening
• rash
• blisters

If an allergic reaction occurs, stop use and seek medical help right away.

Stomach bleeding warning

This product contains an NSAID, which may cause severe stomach bleeding. The chance is higher if you:

• are age 60 or older
• have had stomach ulcers or bleeding problems
• take a blood thinning (anticoagulant) or steroid drug
• take other drugs containing prescription or nonprescription NSAIDs [aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or others]
• have 3 or more alcoholic drinks every day while using this product
• take more or for a longer time than directed

Heart attack and stroke warning

NSAIDs, except aspirin, increase the risk of heart attack, heart failure, and stroke. These can be fatal. The risk is higher if you use more than directed or for longer than directed.

Do NOT use

• if you have ever had an allergic reaction to any other pain reliever/fever reducer
• unless you have time for a full night’s sleep
• in children under 12 years of age
• right before or after heart surgery
• with any other product containing Diphenhydramine, even one used on skin
• if you have sleeplessness without pain

Ask a doctor before use if:

• stomach bleeding warning applies to you
• you have problems or serious side effects from taking pain relievers or fever reducers
• you have a history of stomach problems, such as heartburn
• you have high blood pressure, heart disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, asthma, or had a stroke
• you are taking a diuretic
• you have a breathing problem such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis
• you have glaucoma
• you have trouble urinating due to an enlarged prostate gland

Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if you are:

• taking sedatives or tranquilizers, or any other sleep-aid
• under a doctor’s care for any continuing medical illness
• taking any other antihistamines
• taking aspirin for heart attack or stroke, because ibuprofen may decrease this benefit of aspirin
• taking any other drug

When using this product:

• drowsiness will occur
• avoid alcoholic drinks
• do not drive a motor vehicle or operate machinery
• take with food or milk if stomach upset occurs

Stop use and ask a doctor if:

• you experience any of the following signs of stomach bleeding:
  • feel faint
  • vomit blood
  • have bloody or black stools
  • have stomach pain that does not get better
• you have symptoms of heart problems or stroke:
  • chest pain
  • trouble breathing
  • weakness in one part or side of body
  • slurred speech
  • leg swelling
• pain gets worse or lasts more than 10 days
• sleeplessness persists continuously for more than 2 weeks. Insomnia may be a symptom of a serious underlying medical illness.
• redness or swelling is present in the painful area
• any new symptoms appear

If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. It is especially important not to use ibuprofen during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless definitely directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in the unborn child or complications during delivery.

This medicine may be harmful to an unborn baby. Taking ibuprofen during the last 3 months of pregnancy may result in birth defects and prolonged labor and delivery. Do not use this medicine without a doctor’s advice if you are pregnant.

Diphenhydramine and ibuprofen may pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Antihistamines may also slow breast milk production. Do not use this medicine without a doctor’s advice if you are breast-feeding a baby.

This medicine is not approved for use by anyone younger than 12 years old. Always ask a doctor before giving an antihistamine to a child. Death can occur from the misuse of antihistamines in very young children.

Human Toxicity Reports

Gastrointestinal side effects are experienced by 5-15% of patients taking ibuprofen; epigastric pain, nausea, heartburn and sensations of “fullness” in the gastrointestinal tract are the usual difficulties ⁷. However, the incidence of theses side effects is less with ibuprofen than with aspirin or indomethacin. Other side effects of ibuprofen have been reported less frequently. They include thrombocytopenia, skin rashes, headache, dizziness and blurred vision and in a few cases, toxic amblyopia, fluid retention and edema ⁷.

Fatal autoimmune hemolytic anemai occurred coincident with oral administration of ibuprofen 400 mg 3 times per day in 49 yr old male ⁸.

Healthy subjects treated for 2 weeks with 3 times daily ibuprofen showed a total blood loss of 9.7 ml. Mean daily blood loss was significantly higher than on placebo ⁹.

In ibuprofen overdose cases, the majority of patients had no symptoms or only mild symptoms such as nausea or vomiting. Lab analyses available for some cases demonstrate that plasma ibuprofen concentrations of up to 704 mg/L could be associated with no symptoms ¹⁰.

A case of aseptic meningoencephalitis induced by ibuprofen (Brufen) is decribed in a 24 year old unmarried woman with unrecognized systemic lupus erythematosus. The neurological manifestations induced by ibuprofen revealed the systemic disease. Clinicians confronted with aseptic meningitis or meningoencephalitis developed after treatment with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, notably ibuprofen, should investigate for systemic disease ¹¹.

Ibuprofen (Motrin, Brufen) an anti inflammatory phenylpropionic derivative, was reported in 1971 to have caused reversible centrocecal field defects and reduced visual acuity in two patients, and a reversible “moving mosaic of colored lights in front of both eyes” in another ¹². One patient was reported to have a drastic impairment of color vision & decr in visual acuity, which were largely reversible on discontinuing ibuprofen. Another patient on 2 occasions after taking ibuprofen has complained of seeing streaks shooting from lateral to central field of vision; eye exams were normal ¹². Cortical visual evoked potentials were evaluated in a patient who had 20/50, 20/60 vision with decreased brightness of colors after taking ibuprofen for 2 months, showing decreased amplitudes & increased conduction times, but these became normal 6 days after the drug was stopped; vision became normal later ¹².

In a series of 293 patients treated during a five year period no visual symptoms were detected that were thought attributable to the drug ¹² and in another series of 247 patients there was no evidence of toxic amblyopia or maculopathy attributable to ibuprofen. A prospective study in 1975 reported no evidence of eye toxicity in 45 healthy volunteers treated for 3 months, or in 78 patients with osteoarthritis during 6 months ¹².

Chemically induced renal dysfunction caused by ibuprofen is dose/duration related ¹³. Most common presentation renal insufficiency that can lead to acute or chronic renal failure. Cell-mediated nephrotic syndrome can occur. Short term use of moderate dose ibuprofen may result in /acute renal failure/ in patients with asymptomatic mild chronic renal failure.

Prostaglandins are known to be involved in the metabolism of bone, having a significant influence on bone resorption in cases of bone pathology ¹⁴. This study ¹⁴ investigated the short-term effects of two commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ibuprofen and acetaminophen (paracetamol), on bone resorption in healthy men. In a randomized, double-blind pilot study, 28 healthy, age- and weight-matched male volunteers were treated with ibuprofen (n = 10), acetaminophen (n = 9), or a placebo (n = 9) for 3 days. As an indication of bone resorption rate, levels of the biochemical bone markers N-telopeptide (NTx) and free deoxypyridinoline (D-Pyr) were measured in urine. Differences in resorption marker levels pre- and post-NSAID use were then compared between groups. The study authors ¹⁴ found that NTx concentrations in the acetaminophen group were lower than placebo, whereas NTx levels in the ibuprofen group were higher than in the acetaminophen group. By contrast, D-Pyr concentrations in the ibuprofen group were significantly lower than in the placebo group (p = 0.009). A comparison of the percentage changes of D-Pyr:NTx ratios found that the ratio in the ibuprofen group was significantly lower than that of both the control and acetaminophen groups. These results show the differential effects of ibuprofen and acetaminophen on urinary excretion of peptide-bound and free deoxypyridinoline cross-links of type I collagen. Short-term ibuprofen use may alter the renal handling of collagen cross-links and increase bone resorption to a greater extent than acetaminophen in normal men ¹⁴.

Motrin overdose

Can you overdose on Motrin? Yes

In case of Motrin overdose

In case of overdose, call the poison control helpline at 1-800-222-1222. Information is also available online at https://www.poisonhelp.org/help. If the victim has collapsed, had a seizure, has trouble breathing, or can’t be awakened, immediately call your local emergency services number.

This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. You can call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Symptoms of Motrin overdosage may include:

• dizziness
• fast eye movements that you cannot control
• slow breathing or short periods of time without breathing
• blue color around the lips, mouth, and nose

Symptoms may develop in the following areas:

Eyes, ears, nose, throat, and mouth:

• Ringing in the ears
• Blurred vision

Gastrointestinal:

• Diarrhea
• Heartburn
• Nausea, vomiting (sometimes bloody)
• Stomach pain (possible bleeding in stomach and intestines)

Heart and blood:

• Low blood pressure (shock) and weakness

Kidneys:

• Little to no urine production

Lungs:

• Breathing — difficult
• Breathing — slow
• Wheezing

Nervous system:

• Agitation, confusion, incoherent (not understandable)
• Drowsiness, even coma
• Convulsions
• Dizziness
• Headache (severe)
• Unsteadiness, trouble moving

Skin:

• Rash
• Sweating

Other:

• Chills

What to Expect at the Emergency Room

The health care provider will measure and monitor the person’s vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated as appropriate. The person may receive:

• Activated charcoal
• Airway support, including oxygen, breathing tube through the mouth (intubation), and breathing machine (ventilator)
• Blood and urine tests
• Chest x-ray
• Tube through the mouth into the stomach and small intestine to identify and treat internal bleeding (endoscopy)
• EKG (electrocardiogram, or heart tracing)
• Fluids through a vein (intravenous or IV)
• Laxative
• Medicines to treat symptoms

Outlook (Prognosis)

Recovery is likely with prompt medical treatment, except in very large overdoses. Some people may develop chronic liver or kidney injury.

1. Stockton, D.L. and A.S. Paller. J Am Acad Dermatol 23 (1):87-103; 1990[↩]
2. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003;41(4):551-2[↩][↩][↩][↩]
3. Weibert RT, Townsend RJ, Kaiser DG et al. Lack of ibuprofen secretion into human milk. Clin Pharm. 1982;1:457-8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7184678[↩][↩]
4. Townsend RJ, Benedetti TJ, Erickson SH et al. Excretion of ibuprofen into breast milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;149:184-6 https://www.ajog.org/article/0002-9378(84)90195-9/pdf[↩][↩]
5. Walter K, Dilger C. Ibuprofen in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;44:211-2[↩]
6. Rigourd V, de Villepin B, Amirouche A et al. Ibuprofen concentrations in human mature milk-First data about pharmacokinetics study in breast milk with AOR-10127 “Antalait” study. Ther Drug Monit. 2014;36:590-6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24695355[↩]
7. Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996., p. 712[↩][↩]
8. GUIDRY JB ET AL; JAMA 242 (JUL 6): 68; 1979 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/365628[↩]
9. WARRINGTON SJ ET AL; RHEUMATOLOGY 7 (NEW TRENDS OSTEOARTHRITIS): 107;1982[↩]
10. COURT H ET AL; HUM TOXICOL 2 (2): 381; 1983 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6862484[↩]
11. Lortholary A et al; Rev Med Interne 11 (3): 243-4; 1990 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2096424[↩]
12. Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 506[↩][↩][↩][↩][↩]
13. Young, L.Y., M.A. Koda-Kimble (eds.). Applied Therapeutics. The Clinical Use of Drugs. 6th ed. Vancouver, WA., Applied Therapeutics, Inc. 1995., p. 29-12[↩]
14. Head JE et al; Bone 29 (5): 437-41; 2001 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704495[↩][↩][↩][↩]