Instant noodles

Are instant noodles bad for you ?

Over consumption of instant noodles has recently received special attention, owing to its association with obesity and cardiometabolic syndrome among adults in South Korea ¹⁾. By using International Diabetes Federation criteria ²⁾, metabolic syndrome was defined as abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women) plus any 2 of the following components: 1) elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg or antihypertensive medication use), 2) low HDL “good” cholesterol [fasting HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL (0.4 g/L) in men and <50 mg/dL (0.5 g/L) in women], 3) hyperglycemia [fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL (1 g/L) or antidiabetic medication use (insulin or oral agents) or physician-diagnosed diabetes], and 4) hypertriglyceridemia [fasting triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL(1.5 g/L)]. In addition, high LDL “bad” cholesterol was defined as fasting LDL cholesterol ≥130 mg/dL (1.3 g/L). The high-calorie content and the high concentration of refined carbohydrates, fats, and sodium ³⁾ in instant noodles, contribute to an increased risk of metabolic disease ⁴⁾. Consumption of instant noodles as a staple food source is rising in many Asian countries ⁵⁾ but South Korea is ranked the world’s number one per capita in instant noodle consumption (72.8 servings of instant noodles per annum) ⁶⁾. A recent survey ⁷⁾ reported that college students consume instant noodles more frequently than adults in other age groups because of the convenience of preparing instant noodles on school premises.

Unlike fresh ramen noodles, most instant noodles are deep-fried to dry them, so they are high in calories, refined carbohydrates, saturated fat, and sodium ⁸⁾. The most consumed ⁹⁾ type of instant noodles in Korea, for example, contains 505 kcal and provides 24, 31, 53, and 90% of the recommended daily values for carbohydrates, fat, saturated fat and sodium, respectively ¹⁰⁾. Several studies have suggested that the high energy density, glycemic load (due to the refined carbohydrates), saturated fat content, and sodium content of instant noodles, may contribute to increased cardiometabolic risk factors. South Korea leads the world in per capita consumption of instant noodles, at 72.8 servings/year, which is almost six times higher than the world average of 13.5 servings in 2015 ¹¹⁾, with per capita consumption showing an increasing trend ¹²⁾. The convenience and low price of instant noodles have intensified their popularity in recent decades. The preference for instant noodles is particularly strong among college students, with time or financial constraints. It has been reported that among adults of all age groups, younger adults aged 20-49 years, consume greater amounts of instant noodles (22.2 g/d) than those aged 50-64 years (7.6 g/d) ¹³⁾.

The fact that college students with unhealthy dietary habits frequently eat instant noodles and may be at increased risk of negative health outcomes should receive special attention because of a recent survey that reported an increasing trend of early premature cardiovascular diseases death among adults as young as 20-49 years of age in Korea ¹⁴⁾. There is also an increasing trend in the proportion of individuals in the same group of young adults with increased cardiometabolic risk factors, such as overweight or obesity, hypertension, and elevated blood levels of glucose and lipids ¹⁵⁾.

Analysis of dietary data collected in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) III, 2005, identified that consumers of instant noodles, compared to people who did not consume instant noodles, had significantly higher intakes of energy, fat, sodium, thiamine, and riboflavin and lower intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, vitamin A, niacin, and vitamin C ¹⁶⁾. Analysis from KNHANES IV (2007–2009) demonstrated that the consumption of instant noodles two or more times per week was associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women and that this association was independent of major dietary patterns ¹⁷⁾.

Figure 1. Instant noodles global demand & consumption

Researchers at Harvard University reported a 68% higher risk of metabolic syndrome among women who consume instant noodles ≥ twice/week ¹⁹⁾, but not in men. They found that frequent consumption of instant noodles was associated with increased diastolic blood pressure in women. These gender discrepancies might result from differences in food group compositions in the dietary intake patterns between males and females ²⁰⁾ and the biological differences between males and females, such as sex hormones and metabolism ²¹⁾. Previous authors suggested an interaction between bisphenol A and the estrogen receptor, as a possible contributor to the gender difference. Bisphenol A is known to be a selective modulator of estrogen receptors that can accelerate adipogenesis ²²⁾. Considering that women may be more sensitive to instant noodle-associated metabolic changes is intriguing. Whether this is due to bisphenol A found in packaging or to other substances in instant noodles, warrants further investigation. Meanwhile, it is advisable to guide young women to minimize their instant noodle consumption to decrease future cardiovascular disease metabolic risk.

This study ²³⁾, the researchers found a positive association between the frequency of instant noodle consumption and plasma triglyceride levels, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels in Korean college students. Study subjects with a higher frequency of instant noodle consumption were more likely to have multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. The association between an exposure and an outcome for hypertriglyceridemia was significantly higher in the group that consumed instant noodles ≥ 3 times/week compared to the group with the lowest consumption frequency (≤ 1 time/month) ²⁴⁾. This association existed in male and female students respectively, as well as in the combined subjects.

The positive association between instant noodle consumption and triglyceride levels that was observed among college students is supported by the results of another recent study conducted on Korean adults aged 19–64 years ²⁵⁾. Yeon and Bae ²⁶⁾ showed that the group with high instant noodle consumption (≥ 1 serving/week) had significantly higher triglyceride levels compared with the low instant noodle consumption group (< 1 serving/week). The researchers also found that college students who reported consuming instant noodles ≥ 3 times/week were at a higher risk for hypertriglyceridemia. They were unable to provide a mechanistic interpretation of these findings but it is probably due to the large amounts of carbohydrates and fat contained in instant noodles. Excess carbohydrate intake is known to increase triglyceride levels ²⁷⁾.

Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death worldwide ²⁸⁾, responsible for 17.5 million deaths in 2012. High salt intake raises blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Reducing population salt intake is recognized as a best way for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases by lowering blood pressure and reducing risk of strokes and heart disease ²⁹⁾. Salt reduction is considered a priority intervention by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its high feasibility and potential to benefit to the whole population. Many countries are working towards achieving the global target of a 30% relative reduction in mean population salt intake by 2025, towards the WHO recommendation of <5,000 milligrams/day ³⁰⁾. However, The American Heart Association recommends no more than 2,300 milligrams (mgs) a day and an ideal limit of no more than 1,500 mg per day for most adults ³¹⁾. 1 teaspoon salt = 2,300 mg sodium

In the study ³²⁾, diastolic but not systolic blood pressure was increased, according to the frequency of instant noodle consumption and the effect was more apparent in female students. Diastolic blood pressure is considered an index of salt sensitivity ³³⁾. Instant noodles made in Korea contain a significant amount of sodium in one serving (600-2,770 mg) ³⁴⁾. According to the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ³⁵⁾, noodles are one of the main sources of sodium intake in Korea, and instant noodles comprised the largest proportion of noodles eaten by South Korean adults in their 20s. If diastolic blood pressure is an index of salt sensitivity, the data indicate a gender difference in salt sensitively, such that women may be more salt-sensitive than men ³⁶⁾. This needs to be verified though further studies.

In the present study ³⁷⁾, a positive association was observed between instant noodle consumption and fasting blood glucose levels. This observation is partially consistent with a previous report ³⁸⁾, which found that instant noodle consumption was associated with an increased prevalence of hyperglycemia in Korean women only. Instant noodles are generally high in refined carbohydrates but low in fiber ³⁹⁾. This correlates with the high glycemic index (GI) or the high glycemic load of instant noodles. Some studies ⁴⁰⁾ have reported that the instant noodles produced in Korea have a GI of 71–87 and instant noodles are categorized as a high-GI food.

Although there was no difference in the proportion of subjects with metabolic syndrome between groups, students with a higher frequency of instant noodle consumption were more likely to have multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. Significant differences were observed in the proportion of subjects with two risk factors (17.7 vs. 27.6%) and three or more risk factors (0.7 vs. 2.5%), and between those who consumed instant noodles ≤ 1 time/month vs. ≥ 3 times/week. Our findings suggest that instant noodle consumption might be associated with the presence of multiple risk factors, even if metabolic syndrome has not yet manifested because the study subjects consisted of relatively young individuals.

Instant noodles calories

Generally one serving of instant noodles has 300-500kcal.

The main components of instant noodles are wheat flour, starch, water, salt, fat and kansui (an alkaline mixture of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and sodium phosphate), and other ingredients are added to improve the texture and flavour of the noodles ⁴¹⁾.

The largest portion is carbohydrate, which accounts for 60g per 100g of instant noodles. It is because the main material of noodles is wheat flour. 8.4-10.7 gram of protein and 4.6-7.7 gram of ash are contained in 100g of instant noodles. The contents vary slightly, depending on the type and blending of wheat flour.