Spearmint

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spearmint leaves

What is spearmint

Spearmint (Mentha spicata) family Lamiaceae is a herbaceous rhizomatous perennial plant growing 30–100 cm tall, with variably hairless to hairy stems and foliage, and a wide-spreading fleshy underground rhizome 1. Spearmint is also known as garden mint, common mint, lamb mint and mackerel mint 2. Spearmint leaves are 5–9 cm long and 1.5–3 cm broad, with a serrated margin. The stem is square-shaped, a trademark of the mint family of herbs. Spearmint produces flowers in slender spikes, each flower pink or white and 2.5–3 mm long and broad. Spearmint is a species of mint native to much of Europe and Asia (Middle East, Himalayas, China etc.) and naturalized in parts of northern and western Africa, North America, and South America, as well as various oceanic islands.

Spearmint leaves are popularly used as a tea flavoring agent. Spearmint is also often used in Indian and Italian cuisine and usually added fresh or dried to fish and shellfish plates before or after cooking.

The fresh and dried spearmint leaves and their essential oils are widely used in the food, cosmetic, confectionary, chewing gum, toothpaste, and pharmaceutical industries 3. Spearmint are extensively used as flavoring in confectionery and food industries and fragrance industries, pharmaceutical preparations and cosmetic products and also in hygiene products 4.  5.

Figure 1. Spearmint

spearmint

Spearmint essential oil

The composition of the essential oil of spearmint (M. spicata) is presented in Table 1. There is large variation in the chemical composition of spearmint, wild as well as cultivated, around the world. The differences in oil content and composition may be attributed to factors related to ecotype, phenophases, temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod, irradiance, genotype, and agronomic conditions (harvesting time, plantage, crop density). In the north Indian plains carvone content varies between 45.9% and 77.1% 6. The percentage of carvone also varies in the essential oil of spearmint growing in different countries, e.g., Egypt (46.4%–68.55%) 7, Canada (59%–74%) 8, Colombia (61.53%) 9; Turkey (78.35%–82.2%) 10, China (55.45%–74.6% 11, Bangladesh (73.2%) 12, Algeria (59.4%) 13, and Morocco (29%) 14. Lower amounts of carvone were reported in the spearmint essential oil from Iran (22.4%) 15. Carvone-rich essential oils are widely used as spices in the flavor and fragrance industries in Europe 16.

Table 1. Components of the Spearmint essential oils (Mentha spicata)

CompoundsComposition (%)
α-Pinene0.82
Sabinene2.39
Limonene6.35
1,8-Cineole2.29
Menthone1.75
Isomenthone5.75
α-Terpineol8.91
Carveol0.54
Pulegone56.28
Piperitone2.29
Thymol4.51
Carvacrol2.63
Longifolene5.47
[Source 17]

Spearmint essential oil uses

Spearmint oil is the essential oil extracted from the flowering tops of Mentha spicata. Spearmint oil is used for its aromatic properties and for treatment of illnesses of the digestive and respiratory systems. Spearmint possesses several biological activities and is used in folkloric medicine for relieving flatulence, antispasmodic, diuretic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant agent, and for treatment of colds and flu, respiratory tract problems, gastralgia, hemorrhoids, and stomachache 18.

Some studies have been shown that spearmint oil has anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and antioxidant activity 19.

The major constituents of spearmint leaves essential oil are carvone (29–74%), limonene (4–24%), dihydrocarvone, 1,8-cineol, β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, myrcene and α-pinene and aromatherapists. Spearmint is mainly recommended for its antispasmodic effects, which are related to its carvone content, the most important constituent of spearmint. Spearmint oil is also used for its local anesthetic, astringent, carminative, decongestant, digestive, diuretic and expectorant effects 20, 21. Furthermore, various beneficial medicinal effects of spearmint have been found, such as preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting 22, treatment of respiratory and digestive system disorders, hypertension, anxiety and even for relieving menstrual pain 23.

Antioxidant Activity of spearmint essential oil

Four antioxidant assays have been used to evaluate the possible antioxidant properties of the spearmint essential oil, including (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity) DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging, reducing power, and antioxidant assay using β-carotene linoleate system. The results obtained confirm previous reports about the importance of essential oils as natural antioxidants and their possible role in the protection of human health. Organic extracts of spearmint species have been found to have antioxidant and antiperoxidant properties due to the presence of eugenol, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and α-tocopherol 24. An aqueous extract of peppermint provides protection against radiation-induced chromosomal damage in the bone marrow of mice by decreasing serum acid phosphatase and increasing serum alkaline phosphatase 25.

Recently, Naidu et al. 26 reported that the total phenolic component of a crude methanolic extract of spearmint was found to be 27.26 ± 0.62 mg/g gallic acid equivalent. The (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity) DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to increase with increasing concentrations and was found to be 54.84% ± 0.57% with an IC50 value of 25.2 µg/mL. In the same year, Martins et al. 27 studied the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of spearmint essential oil harvested from Portugal and reported the identification of 30 components that constitute 87.7% of the total composition. Oxygenated monoterpenes (46.3%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (25.5%), and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (14.1%) were found to be the major constituent groups, with the monoterpere carvone (41.1%) as the main constituent. This essential oil showed antioxidant activity both by (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity) DPPH radical scavenging method (31.45%) and by system β-carotene/acid linoleic method (14.89%).

Antibacterial activity of spearmint essential oil

The antibacterial activity of spearmint essential oil tested against 30 Vibrio spp. microorganisms was examined both qualitatively (inhibition zone diameter) and quantitatively (MIC and MBC values). Moreover, its potency to inhibit and eradicate the biofilm formed on polystyrene surface (XTT assay) was tested in the a study 1. The results showed that the studied spearmint essential oil had substantial anti-Vibrio spp. activity.

The results of another study 28 indicated that spearmint essential oil has remarkable antibacterial activity against common food-borne bacteria associated with outbreaks (S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and E. coli O157:H7). The antibacterial activity of the essential oil could be attributed to the presence of various active compounds. The main components were carvone (78.76%), limonene (11.50%), β-bourbonene (11.23%), cis-dihydrocarveol (1.43%), trans-caryophyllene (1.04%), menthone (1.01%), menthol (1%), and terpinen-4-ol (0.99%).

Uribe et al. 29 reported that monoterpenoids such as (R-) and (S-) carvones exert an antimicrobial effect by interacting with the microbial membrane due to their inherent lipophilicity, while, the combination of R- and S-carvone suggested that carvones have a high affinity for the bacterial cell membrane and may influence structural or functional properties of the membrane 30. In fact, using the Transmission Electron Microscope, Mun and colleagues 31 revealed cytoplasmic disruption and separation of the cytoplasmic contents of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains following exposure to R-carvone. Additionally, (4R)-(−)-carvone was also active against Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger 32, while (4S)-(+)-carvone was effective against E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium Photobacterium leiognathi, and Listeria monocytogenes 32. In a previous work carried out by Aggarwal et al. 33, the results showed that the main components found in spearmint oil were (4S)-(−)-limonene, (4R)-(−)-carvone), (R)-(+)-limonene, and (4S)-(+)-carvone) for A. sowa Roxb essential oil. They also found that both optical isomers of carvone were active against a wide spectrum of human pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of these monoterpenes were similar to those in spearmint and Indian dill essential oils.

Spearmint vs Peppermint

Peppermint (Mentha x piperita, also known as Mentha balsamea Willd) is a hybrid mint, a cross between watermint and spearmint 34. Indigenous to Europe and the Middle East, the plant is now widespread in cultivation in many regions of the world. It is occasionally found in the wild with its parent species.

Peppermint oil has a high concentration of natural pesticides, mainly pulegone (found mainly in Mentha arvsis var. piperascens cornmint, field mint, Japanese mint, and to a lesser extent in Mentha piperita subsp. nothosubsp. piperita) and menthone. It is known to repel some pest insects, including mosquitos, and has uses in organic gardening.

The major constituents of peppermint are menthol (30–55%) and menthone (14–32%). Menthol occurs mostly in the free alcohol form, with small quantities as
the acetate (3–5%) and valerate esters. Other monoterpenes present include isomenthone (2–10%), 1,8-cineole (6–14%), a-pinene (1.0–1.5%), b-pinene (1–2%), limonene (1–5%), neomenthol (2.5–3.5%) and menthofuran (1–9%).

Medicinal uses of peppermint supported by clinical data for symptomatic treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 35 and digestive disorders such as flatulence and gastritis 36. Externally for treatment of myalgia and headache 37.

Figure 2. Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

peppermint

Table 2. Components of the Peppermint essential oils (Mentha x piperita)

Compounds(%)
Limonene5.96
Menthone1.12
Borneol0.68
Terpinen-4-ol0.99
cis-Dihydrocarvone19.19
trans-Dihydrocarvone1.06
Pulegone13.3
Carvone42.53
Piperitone1.52
α-Terpinenyl acetate3.45
β-Carvyl acetate1.06
β-Bourbonene1.46
β-Caryophyllene6.78
α-Humulene0.88
[Source 17]

Spearmint side effects

There is some evidence which show that despite spearmint beneficial effects, spearmint has some toxic and adverse effects. Severe histopathological changes in kidney, liver and uterus tissue 38 and also contact allergic reaction to the leaves of spearmint have been reported. Furthermore, daily consumption of four cups of spearmint tea can diminish libido in men 39. In one study, Akdogan 40 showed that spearmint herbal tea has adverse effects on testicular tissue and testosterone level, and alters the level of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in male rats 41. Akdogan and colleagues 42 studied 21 females with hirsutism (12 with polycystic ovary syndrome and 9 with idiopathic hirsutism) drank a cup of herbal tea steeped with spearmint twice daily for 5 days during the follicular phases of their menstrual cycles. After treatment with the spearmint tea, the patients had significant decreases in free testosterone with increases in luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol 42. There were no significant decreases in total testosterone or DHEAS levels. This study was followed by a randomized clinical trial by Grant 43, which showed that drinking spearmint tea twice daily for 30 days (vs. chamomile tea, which was used as a control) significantly reduced plasma levels of free and total testosterone in patients with hirsutism associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). LH and FSH also increased. There was a significant change in patients’ self-reported dermatology-related quality of life indices, but no objective change on the Ferriman-Gallwey scale. Therefore, people who consume spearmint should be advised to use this herbal plant in a proper manner and avoid high dose (the actual spearmint dosage has not been clarified). Furthermore, because the exact constituents of spearmint which cause antifertility have not been clarified, scientists suggest that ongoing studies should be performed on different fractions of spearmint extract.

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  25. Samarth, R.M.; Kumar, A. Mentha piperita (Linn.) leaf extract provides protection against radiation induced chromosomal damage in bone marrow of mice. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2003, 41, 229–237.[↩]
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  38. The effect of Mentha spicata Labiatae on uterine tissue in rats. Güney M, Oral B, Karahanli N, Mungan T, Akdogan M. Toxicol Ind Health. 2006 Sep; 22(8):343-8.[↩]
  39. Effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) teas on androgen levels in women with hirsutism. Akdoğan M, Tamer MN, Cüre E, Cüre MC, Köroğlu BK, Delibaş N. Phytother Res. 2007 May; 21(5):444-7.[↩]
  40. Effects of peppermint teas on plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels and testicular tissue in rats. Akdogan M, Ozguner M, Kocak A, Oncu M, Cicek E. Urology. 2004 Aug; 64(2):394-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15302514/[↩]
  41. Spearmint induced hypothalamic oxidative stress and testicular anti-androgenicity in male rats – altered levels of gene expression, enzymes and hormones. Kumar V, Kural MR, Pereira BM, Roy P. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Dec; 46(12):3563-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804513/[↩]
  42. Effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) teas on androgen levels in women with hirsutism. Akdoğan M, Tamer MN, Cüre E, Cüre MC, Köroğlu BK, Delibaş N. Phytother Res. 2007 May; 21(5):444-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17310494/[↩][↩]
  43. Spearmint herbal tea has significant anti-androgen effects in polycystic ovarian syndrome. A randomized controlled trial. Grant P. Phytother Res. 2010 Feb; 24(2):186-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19585478/[↩]

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